The UAV has flexibility and mobility to be used at metropolises or suburban areas. In addition, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are commonly used in the military, agricultural surveillance, and transportation fields. To accurately predict the species transport and flow properties, governing flow equations were solved to simulate atmospheric turbulence. The estimation of the airflow patterns and flows in tunnels and other complex structures was mathematically modeled by CFD. Through CFD simulation, it can be an accurate prediction of air pollution flow properties and species transport. recommended the numerical simulation of airborne HCHO pollution in vehicle cabins using CFD. recommended the optimal deflect angle for tunnel ventilation using CFD. The computational fluid dynamics fluid model (CFD) is popularly used in environmental engineering. Dhyani and Sharma pointed out that the CALINE4 requires relatively lower levels of expertise and comparatively fewer input data than other vehicular dispersion models. The Gauss dispersion California Line Sources Dispersion Model (CALINE4) treats emissions as a continuous line source, either without any adjustment or using a simple enhancement. There are several methods for modeling the dispersion of different pollutants emitted from a roadway reported in the literature. Therefore, a study on air quality caused by vehicle emissions is necessary to help understand the effect of air pollution as a health risk to drivers. The increasing severity and duration of traffic congestion have the potential to increase pollutant emissions and degrade air quality, particularly near large roadways. demonstrated that vehicle emission reductions have a strong impact on the effective control of human in-cabin exposure and improve the air quality in traffic environments. Air pollutants (e.g., volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter) are complex and dynamic, and vehicle emissions have become the dominant source of air pollutants. Many people are exposed to high concentrations of traffic contaminants when they drive in heavy traffic and spend time at places near roads that have a high amount of traffic, especially if the location is downwind of the road. According to previous studies, almost 90% of our time is spent in enclosed areas (e.g., homes, schools, offices, transport, and meeting places). More attention has been given to indoor air quality in recent years, as it has more significant effects on respiratory disease and cardiovascular health than outdoor air pollution. Indoor and outdoor air quality is a hot research topic and a major determinant of human health. These models and data are useful for transportation planners in the context of creating traffic management plans. These results provide a reference model for environmental impact assessments of long tunnels and traffic jam-prone areas. The UAV was used to verify that the PM 2.5 concentrations of vertical changes at heights of 9.0, 7.0, 5.0, and 3.0 m were 45–48, 30–35, 25–30, and 50–52 μg m − 3, respectively. On weekdays, the SOx, CO, NO, and PM 2.5 concentrations were found to be in the range of 0.002–0.003, 3–9, 0.7–1.8 ppm, and 35–50 μg m − 3, respectively. On weekdays, the vehicle speed and the natural wind were 60 km h − 1 and 2.0 m s − 1, respectively. On different roads, during the weekend, the concentrations of pollutants such as SOx, CO, NO, and PM 2.5 were observed to be in the range of 0.003–0.008, 7.5–15, 1.5–2.5 ppm, and 40–80 μg m − 3, respectively. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with installed PM 2.5 sensors was developed to obtain the three-dimensional distribution of pollutants. The differences in air quality between rush hours and normal traffic conditions were also investigated. The air quality at the Toucheng interchange along a 2 km length highway was simulated using the California Line Source Dispersion Model. To ensure the authenticity of our simulation, the concentration of the last 150 m in Hsuehshan tunnel was simulated using the computational fluid dynamics fluid model. The traffic congestion in the Hsuehshan tunnel and at the Toucheng interchange has led to traffic-related air pollution with increasing concern.
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